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Sample translations submitted: 2
English to Chinese: Sailing Manual
Source text - English Learning to Tack
Basic Principles
Tacking involves turning the boat so that the bow passes through the wind while the sails and the crew change sides. It requires good co-ordination between helmsman and crew: turning the boat, moving your weight to the new side, and trimming the sails. The basic principles apply to all boats but different equipment may require different techniques.
The easiest way to learn is to tack from one beam reach to the other. To tack successfully, get the boat sailing fast before the tack and hold the tiller over until the turn is complete.
Tacking with a centre mainsheet
Step 1: Look over your shoulder and check that the area is clear of other boats.
Call “Ready about” to warn the crew. The crew also checks that the area is clear, uncleats the jib sheet and replies, “Ready”. Call “Lee-oh” to tell the crew that the turn is starting.
Step 2: Ease the tiller away from you, the boom will start to move into the boat. As the sail crosses the boat, hold the end of the tiller extension ahead of you and move across the boat, facing forward. Ease the sheet a little. Keep looking forward and hold the tiller over until the sail starts to fill on the other side.
Step 3: Turn to sit down on the new side, holding the extension behind your back.
Step 4: Once the boat is on course, straighten the tiller, bring the hand holding the mainsheet to the tiller hand and swap hands on the sheet and extension. Trim the sails as necessary. Tidy up the sheet falls.
Tacking with an aft mainsheet
Tacking a boat with an aft mainsheet is slightly different: change hands on the mainsheet and tiller extension before the tack, and cross the boat facing the stern. To do this:
Step 1: Look over your shoulder and check that the area is clear of other boats. Call “Ready about” then change hands on the tiller extension and the mainsheet. Hold the extension in the new hand and ease the tiller away, calling “Lee-oh”.
Step 2: Put your front foot across the boat and pivot to move into the middle of the boat facing aft.
Step 3: As the boom passes over your head turn to sit down on the new side and straighten the tiller as the sail fills. Trim the sails. Tidy up the sheet falls.
Translation - Chinese 學習迎風轉向
基本原則
迎風轉向需要將帆船的航線改變，所以當船艏穿越風向時，船上的帆與船員都需要換舷。這個動作需要舵手與船員之間有良好的互動：把船轉頭，將重量移到新的一邊，並同時將帆的角度調整好。這個基本原則適合應用在不同類型的帆船上，但是不同的裝備會需要不同的技巧去操作。
最簡單學習迎風轉向的方式是重覆進行側風航行。要轉向成功，最好是在轉向前增加航行速度，然後將舵柄緊握在船身外直到轉向完成為止。
Source text - English Mesopelagic Fishes
Mesopelagic fishes are adapted for low light, rarity of mates, avoidance of predation by counterillumination, and consumption of rare prey.
Mesopelagic fishes live in depths between 150 and 2000 m. Trawls from the mesopelagic depths usually bring up an astounding assortment of fantastic fish, some with enormous mouths, compared to the overall fish size, and an array of protruding structures. Fishes of this zone have well-developed musculature and feeding apparatus, and are commonly excellent hunters. Many species have tubular eyes that point upward in order to spot zooplankton prey. Fishes of these species have relatively short and small mouths, used to ingest small prey rapidly. The spectacular angler fishes, on the other hand, seem to be all mouth and have a lure protruding upward from the dorsal surface, between the eyes. This lure is a fin ray modified by evolution into a structure that lures other fish. Chauliodus has a specialized back bone, which accommodates the enormous mouth as it is opened (Figure 8.14). The relative rarity of prey in this zone has probably brought about this selection for an evolutionary increase in mouth size. Because of the difficulty of finding a mate, the angler fishes have dwarf males, which attach to females. Many other species are simultaneous hermaphrodites.
Many mid-water fishes possess photophores, probably for several functions including attracting mates, and luring and illuminating prey. The photophores of many bioluminescent mesopelagic fish are concentrated on the ventral surface (Figure 8.15). This array, known as counterillumination, confuses predators looking upward into the dim light coming from above. Many other mobile mesopelagic fish have a silvery color in order to blend with the downstreaming light. Lie-in-wait-predators, such as many angler fishes, often have opaque, black digestive tracts, which may serve to help conceal them from predators. The black digestive tract may also block off the light produced by bioluminescent prey as they are swallowed by the angler fish. This would prevent an obvious cue for yet another predator, who might otherwise obtain a double meal!
Bathypelagic and abyssopelagic fishes exhibit strong reduction of activity.
Bathypelagic fishes (depths of 2,000-4,000 m) and abyssopelagic fishes (depths of 4,000-6,000 m) inhabit a world of great food impoverishment (see Chapter 16). There is therefore little payoff for the development of the strong skeleton and musculature observed in fishes in shallow water. Indeed, extensive musculature consumes oxygen, and is therefore a disadvantage when food is so scarce. Fishes in this zone therefore have poor musculature and incomplete ossified skeletons. Swim bladders are usually absent. These fishes are usually inactive, feeding only occasionally. Abyssal benthic fishes are somewhat more active than those in the abyssal water column; this may reflect a greater food supply. The fish fauna of deep sea bottoms is dominated by eel-like forms. The eel shape may be related to the development of a good lateral line system, which is important in a dark environment.
Translation - Chinese 在海洋中層（朦朧區）生活的魚種
生活在朦朧區的魚種能夠適應低光、交配率低、利用反光照明逃避掠食者的捕獵，以及攝取稀有獵物的方式
在海洋中層的魚生活在水深150米到2,000米之間，利用拖網的方式在朦朧區捕魚，通常會拖上一些令人驚駭的奇異魚種，有些具有與體型不成比例的巨口，與體表有很多突出部位的構造。在這區域生活的魚種具有發達的肌肉組織與攝食器官，一般都是出色的捕獵者。許多魚種眼睛都呈管狀向上延伸，有利於尋找浮游動物，這一種魚類相對卻具有短小的口部，易於將體積小的誘餌快速地攝取。另一方面，令人驚嘆的鮟鱇魚，具有巨大的口部，並且在兩眼之間的頭頂，向上延伸出一個像誘餌的突出部，這個突出餌球是由鰭條演化而成，目的是為了引誘獵物。蝰魚（Chauliodus）具有獨特的脊椎，在巨口張開時能夠作出適當的調節。可能由於此海域的食物相對地稀少，造成所有在此生活的物種，口部大小隨著演化過程而增大。由於很難找到交配對象，短小的雄性鮟鱇魚會附著在雌性鮟鱇魚的身上，而其他魚種則是雌雄同體。
很多生活在朦朧區的魚種都擁有發光器官，這可能具有多項功能，包括吸引交配對象、誘餌及照明獵物以確認所在的位置。許多具有生物光的中層魚，其發光器通常集中在腹部位置（圖8.15），稱為反光照明，利用發光器來模糊自己從下往上看的身影，以擾亂位於下方的掠食者。很多其他可移動的中層魚，體表呈銀白色，以將自己混和在由海面穿射下來的光線中。埋伏等待獵物的掠食者，如許多鮟鱇魚，通常都有黑色不透明的消化管道，這可能有助於將自己隱藏起來，逃避掠食者的攻擊，而這條黑色的消化管道也可以擋掉那些可產生生物光、卻已被吞食的獵物，這能夠避免鮟鱇魚被另外一個掠食者發現，否則這個第二掠食者同時就獲得了兩餐的盛宴！
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Bio
As a new graduate of MA Translation I have gained not only a high level of knowledge in translation but also specific knowledge in the areas of translation memory management and subtitling. I also have broadened my experience in the area of interpreting by participating in counselling interpreting training provided by Portsmouth Counselling Service, and have subsequently gained actual work experience in interpreting for Haslar Detention Centre in Gosport.
I am particularly interested in scientific translation. I consider my first degree in science would be beneficial to maintain an adequate standard of scientific translation.
Keywords: Cantonese, Manadrin, marine biology, aquaculture, Microsoft Office, Deja Vu, interpreting
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