English to Greek Law/Patents Law (general)

Review of Literature
΅¥Ladders΅¦ of Participation
The most popular theoretical model for public participation in planning, for a few decades, has been Arnstein΅¦s ladder (1969). The model describes the eight-steps of participation according to how much control people have in relation to the main power holders. The steps can be summarised as:
„h Manipulation ΅V keeping people quiet
„h Therapy ΅V making people feel better
„h Information ΅V letting people know what is going on
„h Consultation - informing plus feedback
„h Placation ΅V appearing to meet demands for participation, but no real power sharing
„h Partnership ΅V shared planning and decision-making
„h Delegating power ΅V citizens are given some decisions to make alone
„h Citizens Control - citizens are given power of all final decisions
An alternative model is offered by Paul (1987). According to this popular participation model, there are four levels of community participation in development projects:
„h Information sharing
„h Consultation
„h Decision making
„h Initiating action
Another popular model is offered by Pretty (1995). According to this public participation model there are five levels of public participation:
„h Information Disclosure ΅V told what has been decided/happened
„h Public Consultation ΅V problems externally defined, information processes/analysis controlled. No obligation to take account of views.
„h Functional Participation ΅V participation encouraged as means to achieve project goals, reduce costs and comply with procedural requirements.
„h Interactive Participation ΅V participation in partnership with external agencies, from early strategic stages of project design and throughout implementation.
„h Self-mobilisation ΅V participate by taking initiatives independent of external agencies. Governments, NGOs or private companies often providing enabling framework.