Oct 14, 2022 08:53
1 yr ago
36 viewers *
French term

Garantie contre le risque d'éviction

French to English Law/Patents Law: Contract(s) Procuration pour vendre
Bonjour
Il s'agit d'une procuration pour vendre et j'aurais besoin d'aide pour la traduction formelle du titre ci-dessus.
Je vous remercie beaucoup d'avance pour votre aide

Discussion

SafeTex Oct 19, 2022:
@ all Hello

What Eliza Hall says about equivalents is something that I myself have said on many occasions. Literal translations, if they make sense to the English reader, are one of my preferred solutions

But we must not overextend this! For example, a notary in the UK and a notary in France may not execute exactly the same missions or have the same powers

Or a car in the US, if exported by a private individual, may have to be altered in some way in order to meet European rules of roadworthiness

But that does not mean that "notary" cannot be translated as "notaire" or "car" as "voiture"

For me "warranty of title" is reasonably close based on my above analogies and gets almost 1,000,000 ghits.

It certainly did not warrant a disagree in any case!!! (but it got one of course).
Lucia28 (asker) Oct 16, 2022:
Merci beaucoup
AllegroTrans Oct 15, 2022:
Sound method indeed Perhaps a short idiomatic term based on "protège l'acquéreur d'un bien en cas de trouble dans sa possession"
Daryo Oct 15, 2022:
that sounds like a sound method.
Eliza Hall Oct 15, 2022:
Since there is no exact equivalent... ...this is the type of translation where I would either (a) provide an explanatory translation, or (b) make up a new term that captures the gist.

But this particular type of garantie under FR law is much too complicated to be captured in an explanatory translation -- you don't want to write an English paragraph to translate 5 French words.

So that leaves the other approach: making up a term that captures the gist. The reason I wouldn't use an existing UK/US legal term is because that would create the false impression that this means the same thing as the UK/US term. It doesn't. So, what works for me is making up a phrase that indicates generally what this is about, but also, because it's made up and unfamiliar, alerts the English-speaking lawyer reading this to the fact that there's an issue of French law she'll have to look into if she wants to understand what this means legally.
FPC Oct 15, 2022:
Property rights Property rights include easements, use, hypothecation (right to mortgage), etc. The clause means that the seller gives a warranty that the title is clear, free of any encumbrances on the property rights that may disturb full ownership. I say my translation could do, considering you're unlikely to find every time a 1 to 1 correspondence between legal traditions and systems as Allegro said.

https://fiches-droit.com/garantie-d-eviction#:~:text=A ce ti...
AllegroTrans Oct 14, 2022:
Yes... Free from a specific set of problems - aim (1) to provide "possession paisible de la chose vendue" (see my ref.).

I agree that the "quiet enjoyment" of the Common Law is not IDENTICAL - but what IS identical between the two systems?

Eliza Hall Oct 14, 2022:
Not covenant/guarantee of quiet enjoyment That's not the correct translation. The covenant of quiet enjoyment is owed by a landlord to a tenant (not by a seller to a buyer). It is the landlord's duty to refrain from doing anything that interferes with the tenant's peaceful enjoyment of the premises:
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/covenant_of_quiet_enjoyment

So for instance, if your landlord ripped the roof off and subjected you to weeks of noise and debris, or let a tenant move in next door with six giant dogs that barked at all hours, or installed a nightclub in the apartment right above yours, that would breach the covenant of quiet enjoyment.

This garantie is something else: a warranty by the seller that the property they're selling is free of a specific set of problems. There isn't any pending litigation that threatens the owner's property rights; the property doesn't interfere with any neighbor's rights (for instance, the seller didn't build a shed that straddles the property line); the seller didn't grant rights to anyone else...

AllegroTrans provided the list, and it's here too: https://pierreredoutey.fr/2021/03/19/acte-normalise-de-vente...

Proposed translations

+1
1 day 7 hrs
Selected

Warranty against the risk of dispossession

As explained in the discussion, this FR term has nothing to do with "eviction" in the US/UK legal sense, it is also not at all the same thing as the covenant of quiet enjoyment, and it's not title insurance at all nor is it limited to a warranty relating to title.

This is, long story short, a FR legal concept that doesn't have an exact equivalent in US/UK law. So, this is a situation where you could either provide an explanatory translation, or make up a new term that captures the general idea, but also alerts the reader that if they want to understand what this means in a legal sense, they're going to need to ask a French lawyer.

And the details of a "garantie contre le risque d'éviction" are much too detailed to do an explanatory translation. It would take 50-100 words to even try to capture this in EN. So, instead, I would suggest making up a phrase that captures the basic idea, without creating the false impression that this is the same thing as XYZ principle of US or UK law.

Hence: garantie = warranty; contre le risque = same in EN; and "dispossession" because that covers both issues of title and issues of physical possession (e.g. if the owner built a shed that crosses the neighbor's property line, the whole shed might have to be torn down; this warranty protects against that).

And the legal definition of "éviction" in FR law is: "Dépossession de tout ou de partie de la chose vendue résultant de l'exercice, par un tiers, sur cette chose, d'un droit qui exclut la possession de l'acheteur."
https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/eviction
Peer comment(s):

agree Anastasia Kalantzi
15 hrs
neutral FPC : Possession ("posséssion") is not all there is to property, far from capturing all that's involved in the entire bundle of rights, precisely as you said. Hence I find your proposal contradicts your own argument.
19 hrs
Éviction = dépossession, which isn't limited to physical possession. It's also title and rights. https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/déposséder
neutral AllegroTrans : Your methodology is sound but this is too restrictive
20 hrs
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4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer. Comment: "Merci beaucoup"
-2
3 mins

Guarantee against the risk of eviction

I think this could work.
Note from asker:
yes thanks a lot
Peer comment(s):

disagree AllegroTrans : This has nothing to do with eviction per se
1 hr
disagree Eliza Hall : As AllegroTrans said, that's a faux ami. The "éviction" here has nothing to do with EN "eviction."
1 day 6 hrs
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+1
59 mins

warranty of title / title insurance / guarantee of clear title

That's based on my translator's experience, not attorney or conveyancer's.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/warranty-title.asp
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/clear-title.asp
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/title_insurance.asp

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Note added at 1 hr (2022-10-14 09:55:40 GMT)
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In my opinion it could be seen as protection against future "actions of quiet title", see also https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quiet-title-action.asp#...
Peer comment(s):

disagree Eliza Hall : It includes that, but it's not just that. see discussion.
4 hrs
In a broad sense it does because even easements or use (Fr. servitudes, usufruit) are within the purview of property rights and bundled in the title.
agree philgoddard : But not "title insurance", which is something you buy.
20 hrs
Yes, I threw that in too because in French "garantie" could be interpreted as the protection under an insurance policy, but I agree with you the other interpretations are to be preferred.
agree SafeTex : ghits for all your terms suggest you are right. I read the definition ot "warranty of title" and that too seems close enough for me
5 days
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-1
2 hrs

land: covenant for quiet enjoyment vs. goods: warranty of peaceful possession

As I have mentioned before, the translation can go different ways, depending on the object or rather target of the garantie, namely land or goods including house contents

Alas, the first example sentence hopelessly conflates the two scenarios
Example sentence:

Warranty of quiet possession (!) of the property sold The seller is at law bound to warrant the buyer against any eviction which deprives the buyer, in whole or in part, of the property sold,

Peer comment(s):

disagree Eliza Hall : No, see discussion.
2 hrs
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-1
1 day 3 hrs

Warranty of quiet possession

When it comes to selling (as opposed to renting) this looks like the term being used.

OVERVIEW

quiet possession

QUICK REFERENCE
Freedom from disturbance in the enjoyment of property. In contracts for the sale of goods, unless the seller makes it clear that he is contracting to transfer only the title that he or a third person has, there is an implied warranty that the buyer will enjoy quiet possession of the goods. This warranty is broken not only if the seller and those claiming through him interfere with the buyer's quiet possession but also if the interference is by a third party claiming by virtue of a better title to the goods. The corresponding covenant upon the sale of land extends only to interferences by the seller and those claiming through him.


https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20...
Peer comment(s):

disagree Eliza Hall : See discussion.
3 hrs
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1 day 15 hrs

See below, field too small

Warranty against "risque d'éviction" [various difficulties as set out in Article 1625 of the French Civil Code]

Following on from Eliza's reasoning and trying to avoid a 50-word explanation.
Keep the French to avoid any false impression and direct the reader staright to the Civil Code.

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Note added at 1 day 15 hrs (2022-10-16 00:09:11 GMT)
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NB:
I have assumed asker's text is from France but she hasn't confirmed this. If it's from Belgium, Switzerland, Luxembourg etc. this would have to be revisited
Note from asker:
Thank you very much for your comments ! I am from France but I guess/hope I did choose the right French combination i.e. not Swiss nor Belgian nor Canadian, etc ?
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Reference comments

1 hr
Reference:

Start with a reliable reference

Définition de la garantie d'éviction
Définition

La garantie d'éviction est une garantie légale qui protège l'acquéreur d'un bien en cas de trouble dans sa possession.

Cette garantie est prévue par l'article 1625 du Code civil, dans sa première partie :

« La garantie que le vendeur doit à l'acquéreur a deux objets : le premier est la possession paisible de la chose vendue ; le second, les défauts cachés de cette chose ou les vices rédhibitoires ».

Cette garantie est due par tout vendeur d'un droit de propriété.

L’acquéreur peut se prévaloir de la garantie d’éviction. L'article 1626 du Code civil dispose :

« Quoique lors de la vente il n'ait été fait aucune stipulation sur la garantie, le vendeur est obligé de droit à garantir l'acquéreur de l'éviction qu'il souffre dans la totalité ou partie de l'objet vendu, ou des charges prétendues sur cet objet, et non déclarées lors de la vente ».

Le vendeur garantit donc l'acheteur contre :

l'éviction, totale ou partielle ;
les charges prétendues sur l'objet et non déclarées.

L'éviction

L'éviction est le trouble subi par une personne qui, propriétaire, se voit spolier de tout ou partie de son bien. Il s'agit de la dépossession.

Pour pouvoir appeler la garantie, le trouble doit être effectivement subi par le propriétaire en titre. Il ne doit pas s'agir d'une simple crainte.

Le trouble peut provenir du vendeur et être soit un trouble de fait, soit un trouble de droit.

Exemples : on parle de trouble de fait lorsque le vendeur vend deux fois le même bien à deux personnes différentes. Le premier acquéreur dispose d'un acte authentique (notarié) régulièrement publié. Le vendeur manque à son obligation de garantie envers ce premier acheteur (Cass. civ. 3, 29 avril 1981, Bull. Civ. III, n° 88). On parle de trouble de droit lorsque le vendeur se prétend encore propriétaire ou titulaire d'un droit.

Le trouble peut également émaner d'un tiers.

Exemple : un tiers au contrat invoque un droit sur la chose vendue et en réclame la qualité de propriétaire.

Bon à savoir : le trouble émanant du tiers doit être un trouble de droit. L'acquéreur ne peut se prévaloir de voies de faits pour appeler la garantie du vendeur (par exemple, un tiers occupe le bien sans prétendre avoir aucun droit dessus).
Les charges non déclarées

Il s'agit généralement des servitudes « occultes », non connues de l'acquéreur au moment de la vente et qui confèrent des droits à des tiers sur le bien (droit de passage sur une propriété par exemple, présence d'une souterraine d’évacuation des eaux usées de la propriété du voisin…).

Elles n'entraînent donc pas une atteinte aussi grande au droit de propriété que l'éviction même, mais ces charges peuvent diminuer la valeur du bien.
Garantie d'éviction : conséquences

L'article 1630 du Code civil dispose : « Lorsque la garantie a été promise, ou qu'il n'a rien été stipulé à ce sujet, si l'acquéreur est évincé, il a droit de demander contre le vendeur :

1° La restitution du prix ;

2° Celle des fruits, lorsqu'il est obligé de les rendre au propriétaire qui l'évince ;

3° Les frais faits sur la demande en garantie de l'acheteur, et ceux faits par le demandeur originaire ;

4° Enfin les dommages et intérêts, ainsi que les frais et loyaux coûts du contrat. »

Il faut noter que le vendeur devra restituer la totalité du prix même si la valeur de la chose a été diminuée du fait de la négligence de l'acquéreur ou d'un cas de force majeure.

Il devra indemniser l'acquéreur également des améliorations faites et des frais engagés utiles sur le bien.

Si le bien est de valeur supérieure au moment de la restitution, le vendeur devra également payer un complément de prix.

Bon à savoir : si la vente n'est pas résiliée (ce qui peut être le cas en présence d'un trouble seulement « partiel »), le vendeur ne paye à l'acquéreur que la valeur de la partie du bien dont il est « évincé ».

Si le vendeur ne satisfait pas amiablement à cette demande, il conviendra de saisir la juridiction compétente afin de trancher le litige.

Bon à savoir : il conviendra de saisir le tribunal d'instance si la valeur du bien est inférieure à 10 000 euros, et au-delà, le tribunal de grande instance. Cette juridiction nécessite la représentation par avocat.
Aménagement contractuel de la garantie d'éviction

Selon l'article 1627 du Code civil, les parties au contrat peuvent :

renforcer cette garantie ;
la diminuer dans le cadre de l'acte de vente signé.

Il est même possible de prévoir que le vendeur ne sera tenu d'aucune garantie.

À noter : en cas de trouble émanant du vendeur, celui-ci restera toujours tenu de la garantie en raison de son fait personnel, car personne ne peut s'exonérer de toute responsabilité pour ses propres agissements (article 1628 du Code civil). En cas de trouble émanant d'un tiers, le vendeur sera tenu à restitution du prix, et ce même si une clause de non-garantie a été prévue.

Le Code civil interprète en effet de manière très restrictive la clause de non-garantie et ne permet au vendeur de s'exonérer que des seuls dommages et intérêts éventuels.

Il existe cependant une exception à cette limite et la clause de non-garantie sera entièrement applicable si l'acquéreur :

connaissait le danger de l'éviction ;
ou a acheté à ses risques et périls.

Dans tous les cas, le vendeur ne sera pas tenu de restituer le prix de vente en cas d'éviction.

Pour en savoir plus :

Découvrez toutes les obligations du vendeur sur notre page dédiée.
Pour vous préparer à la vente de votre bien, télécharger gratuitement notre guide pratique sur la vente immobilière.
Découvrez notre astuce : propriétaire récent, vous découvrez des vices cachés, quels sont vos droits ?

Achat Immobilier

Achat Immobilier : votre guide gratuit à télécharger

Vous trouverez au sein de ce guide rédigé par des auteurs spécialisés :

Une vision complète pour comprendre le sujet
Les infos essentielles pour faire les bons choix
Des conseils sur les biens et les modalités
Note from asker:
Yes but then what would be the best way to translate it ?
Thank you very much
Peer comments on this reference comment:

agree writeaway : But Asker is native Italian who only lists translation into French so imo finding the English is the real issue here /https://www.capital.fr/immobilier/garantie-eviction-1386694
20 mins
True, but France tends to codify and finely define these things, so the French definition has to be the starting point. Many En-spkg jurisdictions, by contrast, rely on the Common Law for this protection
agree Daryo : Always a good starting point.
1 day 1 hr
thanks
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7 hrs
Reference:

7 CFR § 3565.453 - Disposition of the property

https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/3565.453
Hoping this helps.

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Note added at 1 ημέρα 22 ώρες (2022-10-16 07:49:54 GMT)
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I apologize, it's been the wrong reference that I previously posted. This is the accurate one.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/dispossess
Peer comments on this reference comment:

disagree AllegroTrans : I cannot see any connection between your reference and this question // still irrelevant to the particular issue here
21 hrs
You could easily read and understand my agree above towards Elisa Hall's accurate answer and you might as well understand the connection.
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